Before doping, the NaNbO 3 ceramics are prone to breakdown and cannot obtain a complete P-E hysteresis loop. Under doping or high-temperature conditions, a square hysteresis loop with ferroelectric ...
Figure (a–d) Tunable asymmetric Hall loops at 5 K (magnetic histories are shown in insets). (e) Symmetric loops under high enough external magnetic field. (f) Sketch of the influence of positively ...
Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is an effective method for examining ferroelectric materials due to its nanometer-level resolution and high sensitivity, inherited from atomic force microscopy ...
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